Another area where we’re hoping to make an impact is by applying conservation ideas to the data and metadata from our work, as well as the artifacts themselves. In addition to writing the paper, we’ve also prepared a data publication that includes additional images, data, methods, and information about our work for future researchers to build upon the work. This project allowed me to use my knowledge and build upon the significant work the NIST staff has done to make data publicly available over the past decade. We hope the publication helps demonstrate some of what we’ve learned to a broader community.
Like many people, as a child I had dreams of flying into space as an astronaut. That interest in aerospace and space exploration has continued throughout my life.
After being retrieved from its longtime resting place on the Atlantic Ocean floor, a turbine blade from a Saturn V’s rocket engine recently made its way to our lab in Gaithersburg, Maryland, for analysis.
So when my colleague Tim Foecke, who was working at the National Institute of Standards and Technology at the time, invited me to assist with a research project involving the Apollo space program, I jumped at the chance. Tim has a long history in marine forensics and conservation.
A decade ago, Bezos Expeditions recovered some of these artifacts from the ocean floor. Conservators worked for years to preserve them for study. Tim and I initially worked with some of the conservators to help identify some of the materials used in the rocket engines. However, the conservators had significant challenges with one type of piece—the turbine blades. They found many blades were much lighter than they should be and were fragile to touch. By the time the Saturn V designs were finalized, the F-1 engines had been upgraded to 1.5 million pounds of thrust (6.6 meganewtons). The Saturn V used five of these engines for a combined thrust of 7.5 million pounds (33 meganewtons). The design for the F-1 rocket engine used in the Saturn V started in the 1950s. The designers imagined the largest-capacity engine that might be used in the next decade. There haven’t been a lot of conservation opportunities for things created so recently, so the results of this work were published as a paper in Studies in Conservation. Rocket thrust is the force that determines whether the rocket moves at all, what cargo or instruments the rocket can launch, and how quickly the rocket will accelerate as it moves through the air. The designers settled on the round number of 1 million pounds of thrust (4.4 meganewtons) for this engine. We then used a specialized microscope and other advanced equipment to simultaneously see what was being corroded and how the various elements were distributed throughout the blade. This allowed us to confirm that it was likely an alloy developed specifically for this mission. When we looked inside, it was shocking how porous the blades were because the inside had corroded away. The outer surfaces were mostly intact, but the inside was now filled with epoxy, where metal used to be 40-plus years ago. The transparent epoxy supported the fragile metal pores while holding the green corroded metal remnants in place, like the clear ice on a pond that I saw during many winters in the Midwest. Ten massive Saturn V rockets launched astronauts into space during the Apollo missions to the moon. To reach the moon, individual rocket pieces, known as stages, were discarded as they ran out of fuel. The first stages of the Saturn V rocket fell into the Atlantic Ocean and have been there since the 1960s and 1970s. The conservation of Apollo rocket parts may not seem to overlap much with my primary area of research, which includes developing new tests and standards to incorporate advanced, lighter-weight materials into vehicles for energy and fuel efficiency. But one of the things I love about NIST is that we often are asked to do some fascinating and unusual things. Working at NIST has encouraged me to help people with their technical problems. I get a lot of gratification from solving the problem and then being able to freely share what we learn with the research community and the public. All that thrust was needed, as the Saturn V itself was taller than the Statue of Liberty and weighed more than 6 million pounds (2.7 million kilograms). The vast majority of the weight was a combination of kerosene, liquid hydrogen, and liquid oxygen to feed the engines. The structure was largely a lightweight, hollow tube to hold everything together. Studying the F-1 engine turbine bladeThe conservators determined the artifacts came from Apollo 11, Apollo 13, Apollo 14, and Apollo 16 missions, based on where they were found and serial numbers still visible on some parts. Many of these pieces are now on display in museums for the public to view and remember the Apollo program. Some of the most intact items were the massive F-1 engines. Contrary to expectations, the turbine blades with the protective covering intact were more badly corroded. Reading through other literature on corrosion, I learned this can often occur where a stagnant environment inside the covering can cause more corrosion than material just exposed to the elements. What our research means for conservationAs researchers, we didn’t have any background information on what materials were used in the engine. I imagine the company that built the engine decades ago only had to meet NASA’s requirements, and they may not have had to disclose exactly what materials were in it. It’s also possible those records have just been lost over the years. It was quite an exciting opportunity for me as an aerospace engineer to be a small part of the history of the Apollo space exploration program. It was also neat to go with my family to the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C., to see some of the objects. During the video loop introducing the artifacts, the narrator thanked “materials scientists” who worked on the restoration. That was gratifying to hear.
NIST experts helped identify materials of the F-1 rocket engine that was used in the Apollo program—and had been resting on the Atlantic Ocean floor ever since. Credit: NASA/National Air and Space Museum. |
One of the other mysteries in this project was that in the four turbine assemblies that were found, two of the turbine assemblies were found with their protective covering attached. The other two were found without the cover.
Author’s note: Adam Creuziger would like to thank co-authors Claudia Chemello, Paul Mardikian, and Jerrad Alexander for allowing him to fulfill a childhood aspiration of being involved in the space program by supplying the various rocket parts to investigate; and Megan King for editorial assistance in drafting this article. The author also acknowledges the substantial contributions to this project and paper from Tim Foecke prior to his retirement from NIST.
